Shoeless Joe by WP Kinsella Essay Example For Students

Shoeless Joe by WP Kinsella Essay In the novel Shoeless Joe by W. P. Kinsella, we can make sense of that from various perspectives the sport of Baseball, is a lifestyle. Sparing Ray Kinsellas ranch, that gives us a reason for what the American culture ought to impersonate. We can perceive how his homestead can make a fantasy materialize, how baseball can withstand a trial of time, and how on the off chance that you pursue your fantasies they may be superior to anticipated. In the novel, Ray can change an energetic love for baseball into a reality. Beam rushes to discover his fantasy wake up from the earliest starting point. He hears a voice while sitting on his home yard investigating his cornfield. It is the Voice of a baseball broadcaster on game day. Beam hears If you manufacture it, he will come.. He can see the Dimensions of ballparks in his mind, and is resolves to construct a ballpark. He knows his baseball legend Shoeless Joe Jackson, will come and play on his ranch in Iowa. Baseball is a lifestyle in America, for individuals youthful and old. It is a round of straightforward standards and little disarray. The sport of baseball is a piece of the American culture, As Eddie Scissons says in his message (Pg. 229) The word (baseball) will liberate hostages. The word will open the eyes of the visually impaired. The word will raise the dead. These are similar words numerous Americans live beyond words. This is a game that has experienced intense occasions, yet at the same time figures out how to be a staple piece of the American Way.. In the novel baseball is discovers difficulty with the 1919 White Sox. Eight players including the scandalous Shoeless Joe Jackson are prohibited from the game they love. Baseball was as yet ready to proceed much after the embarrassment, similarly as Ray endure his abandonment with the bank. Beam is as yet ready to keep the game they love alive. These are a portion of the things that make this precious stone sparkle so brilliant for such a long time. We can likewise perceive how on the off chance that you pursue your fantasy you may get more than anticipated. For instance Ray tunes in to the voices over his crazy excursion so as to keep the fantasy alive in Iowa. Beam resorts to abducting, getting a drifter, and burglarize a baseball arena. He does the entirety of this to have the option to watch his saints in his private park. Toward the end he gets something beyond that. Beam had the option to meet J. D. Salinger his preferred author. Beam additionally makes his definitive wish work out as expected seeing John Kinsella ( Rays father) play baseball with the criminal Chicago White Sox players. This epic appears to state when pursuing dreams reach skyward and be confident you get more than is wanted in light of the fact that Ray unquestionably gets an unexpected end result. At long last you can see that fantasies are imperative to numerous individuals. This is evidence sense Ray can make his most out of control and most enthusiastic dream wake up in Iowa. W. P. Kinsellas love of the game through Ray, causes us to have confidence in enchantment and keeps our expectations alive. Baseball is Americas dream, it is incredible enough to make dreams materialize, withstanding the trial of time and how pursuing dreams is definitely justified even despite the dangers.

Negative Effects of Technology on the Society’s Security and Privacy

Consistent examinations on conceivable mechanical improvements are being done ordinarily as started by privately owned businesses and the administration military. Obviously, these advances, especially those supported by privately owned businesses have been grown beside making immense benefits, to profit the general public in pretty much every angle in their lives particularly as far as making their lives simpler and increasingly agreeable. Also, those created by the administration may have been at first done for the most part for military and government purposes, however quite often; such innovation comes to be promoted to the majority later on. Instances of which incorporate the online advancements, for example, mobile phones, the PC and the web. Mobile phones, PCs and the web have been for a long time now, broadly accessible for business use. Verifiably, such advances have made easygoing life progressively beneficial as far as the speed wherein work should now be possible. Phones permit cordless correspondence in practically all places, all stations on the planet; PCs permit speedier handling of exchanges, estimations and numerous different assignments; and the web permits worldwide correspondence as well as better and all the more generally accessible databases of data which nearly everybody with web access can use. Connected with such exhibit of business benefits in any case, are conceivable outcomes of abuse and accordingly weaknesses that couldn't just influence one individual yet additionally enormous quantities of populaces one after another when all is said in done. With these, innovations come more methods of infringement of individual protection just as security. These originate from such technologies’ nature of mass association. The quantity of mobile phone clients has been expanding. From 1997 to 2002, there has been 10-overlap increment in worldwide utilization arriving at 787 million (â€Å"GSM to Pass One-Billion Mark This Year†). This may mean better association for these individuals however this may likewise mean an expansion in the quantity of individuals plausible of being disregarded of protection. The facts demonstrate that it is disallowed to get to account data from privately owned businesses, yet since the utilization of wireless transmissions in this specific innovation permits the individual following of the area of an individual, security can't generally be guaranteed. There are still individuals who have boundless access to such data and are prepared to do such infringement, that is, area following without the assent of the concerned person. This is particularly obvious with the quantity of programmers, both testing and expert, out practicing.â Individual data from privately owned businesses could likewise be tapped aimlessly particularly by government authorities for their particular purposes. This might be useful (yet may in any case be deceptive) if the individual concerned is a genuine evildoer, however for blameless people, the infringement of protection would be outlandish. The ascent of the PCs and the web makes another variety of wrongdoing. PCs are a productive method of putting away significant and now and again organization basic records. This PC work permits company’s simpler administration and access to their records which are from numerous points of view gainful. Be that as it may, these advantages are not constrained to the organizations as the capacity of data in the PC additionally permits experts, especially programmers, access to the data. Just as of late, 12 December 2006, it was accounted for by CNN that various names and individual data were uncovered when a programmer assaulted the database of the PC arrangement of the University of California, Los Angeles (â€Å"Hacker Attack at UCLA Affect 800,000 people†). As per a similar report, a review discharged in October of this current year demonstrated that around a hundred schools encountered a comparable occurrence during the past a year. The data taken in such cases for the most part incorporate names, birth dates, clinical records, government disability numbers, places of residence and other individual data (â€Å"Hacker Attack at UCLA Affect 800,000 people†). Plainly, the PCs and the web permit more up to date and increasingly specialized method of stealing, the most questionable of which is wholesale fraud. The utilization of the web has now advanced to permit even the acquisition of things from objects as straightforward books to try and advances and exchanges should now be possible helpfully through the web utilizing the charge card. It is this nature of web exchanges that permits data fraud through the web. As per a report done by the Federal Trade Commission in 2003, the revealed type of data fraud has been restricted to those including Visa exchanges. As indicated by a similar report, about 13% of the casualties revealed that their own data was acquired during exchanges during charge card buys. Among those buys incorporate those done through the internet.â Such data can be utilized by the hoodlum from multiple points of view, for example, getting government records, buying web based, acquiring advances, lodging exchanges, business and documenting of expense forms (Federal Trade Commission). These are only a few instances of how innovation, especially telephones, the PC and the web drawback people. There could be much increasingly different ways. Telephones and PCs have likewise been utilized in engendering erotic entertainment particularly with the expansion being used of camcorders, document sharing and sites that help such. PC infections had been can in any case be effectively circulated to degenerate a few organization and even government documents, causing critical misfortunes both in the concerned organization just as in the general public when all is said in done. Freund refered to an overview of the FBI that around 500 U.S. organizations endured huge money related misfortunes adding up to $455.8 million out of 2002. Innovation is an integral asset and is verifiably advantageous to the general public particularly without hardly lifting a finger in living it adds to each person. Yet, as much as it is amazing and advantageous, it can likewise hurt since everything with points of interest can generally be abused to bring in any case. The outcomes that innovation brings only all rely upon how the client decides to utilize it. Works Cited Freund, G. â€Å"Perspective: Hacking 2003, The New Agenda.† Cnet News.Com. Cnet Networks, Inc. 2006. <http://news.com.com/2010-1071_3-1001016.html> Government Trade Commission. â€Å"Identity Theft Survey Report.† Sep 2003. Synovate. <http://www.consumer.gov/idtheft/pdf/synovate_report.pdf> â€Å"GSM to Pass One Billion Mark This Year.† 2003. Cellular.co.za. <http://www.cellular.co.za/news_2003/011603-gsm_to_pass_one_billion_mark_wit.htm> â€Å"Hacker Attack at UCLA Affect 800,000 People.† CNN.com. 12 December 2006. Link News Network LLP.<http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/ptech/12/ 12/ucla.data.theft.ap/index.html>  Â

The Art of Listening in Distributed Teams - Focus

The Art of Listening in Distributed Teams - Focus Someone once told me good communication happens when the message sent and the message received match up as closely as possible. Speaking clearly is a skill we focus on a lot. We work on giving great presentations, explaining concepts clearly and telling engaging stories. But listeners bear the burden of good communication, too. In this article, well share how to effectively communicate with colleagues online and afar, through effective communication and listening skills. When you’re on a distributed team or another team working predominantly online, the things that make a good listener don’t change. You do however have to apply listening skills in slightly different ways to make sure the messages you receive match the intentions of the sender. [ictt-tweet-inline via=meistertask]listeners bear the burden of good communication, too.[/ictt-tweet-inline] What Good Listening Does There’s been a lot of research conducted on how we listen in many fields, including psychology, communication, linguistics, anthropology and management. Researchers have identified a lot of different factors that affect how we listen, like memory, attention span, motivation, listening capacity and the context we’re in when we’re trying to listen. For example, it might be harder to listen to your teammates if you’ve lost motivation at work. And listening is going to take a lot more effort in a noisy lobby than in a quiet office. But if you can master listening skills, you stand to gain a lot. In fact, studies have found that listening produces three main results: understanding or knowledge gain relationship building a change in our feelings and attitudes So, if you’re a good listener, you’ll be more tuned into what’s going on, what others need and how others feel, which can help you make better business decisions and be more productive. Distributed task management made simple. Try MeisterTask with your team Its free! Try MeisterTask with your team Listening Online Communication There are a range of tools and methods we use to communicate with our teams, whether we’re working remotely or are co-located: video, voice calls, email and project management apps. These are just some of the tools distributed teams can use to communicate, and each come with their own set of opportunities and limitations. Text-only communications like email and chat apps, especially, can make listening more challenging. “Email does not convey emotions nearly as well as face-to-face or even telephone conversations,” writes Kaitlin Duck Sherwood, author of A Beginners Guide to Effective Emails. “It lacks vocal inflection, gestures, and a shared environment. Your correspondent may have difficulty telling if you are serious or kidding, happy or sad, frustrated or euphoric.” With text-only online communications, tone can easily be misconstrued. Sherwood says sarcasm can be particularly dangerous (especially if the sender and the recipient don’t know each other well). But there are also some ways text-only communication can improve listening. For example: When someone has an accent that’s unfamiliar to us or your first language is your coworker’s second language, it takes more cognitive effort to listen and comprehend. Text communication like chat or emails can help eliminate that cognitive load. Also, because they can be delayed, text communication can also give the listener extra time to digest ideas, process emotions and respond more thoughtfully. When working on distributed teams, many teams prioritize video chat because it allows for nonverbal communication like body language and facial expressions, which provide context. Remote work and listening can seem at odds sometimes because the amount of face-to-face contact is much more limited. But just because in-person conversations aren’t always an option doesn’t mean good listening can’t take place. For example, someone who doesn’t make eye contact while telling you bad news says something completely different than someone who looks you directly in the eye. Video chat is not always realistic or possible, though. Connections can be unreliable. People might be traveling or unavailable. Tools might not work correctly. “I think everybody here agrees that the most implausible science-fiction aspect of Star Wars is how smoothly all the Jedi video conferencing works across the galaxy,” notes Jacob Harris, developer for 18F, the digital services agency for the U.S. government. To make it work, have a range of tools and a plan for how and when to use them. Be aware of the limitations of each online communication method so you can adjust and make the extra effort to fully listen. Tips for Better Listening Here’s how you can be a better listener and foster a better environment for listening, whether you work remotely or with a co-located team. 1. Establish rules of responsiveness When there are clear expectations about communication, you can minimize feelings of people not feeling listened to or their messages being ignored. “When people are working remotely, its important that you define what your rules of responsiveness are for your culture,” writes Michelle LaBrosse, Project Management Professional and founder and CEO of Cheetah Learning. “How quickly are people expected to return an e-mail, an IM or a phone call? What is your protocol when people are out of the office or on vacation?” LaBrosse says that when people know what to expect, it “lowers the blood pressures on both sides of the customer/company relationship” which can promote better, more careful listening. 2. Schedule distraction-free conversations This rule applies no matter how you’re communicating. It’s harder to listen if you’re multitasking. It can be easier to fall into this trap of multitasking with online communication because the person on the phone or in your chat conversation can’t see that you’re on your laptop sending an email or checking your smartwatch. In their book, The Plateau Effect, authors Bob Sullivan and Hugh Thompson wrote: “Your brain is hungry for information, like a golden retriever puppy is hungry to chase a tennis ball. Important information, however, rarely comes as fast as your brain can take it, just as you can never toss the ball fast enough for your puppy. At the dog park, your baby Fido won’t be able to resist if someone else nearby throws a ball…off he bounds, chasing after whatever is moving. And your brain, thirsty for data, with a whole bunch of seemingly spare time on its hands, can’t resist the ping of a text message or the temptation of looking at YouTube videos of cats.” To be a better listener, do what’s in your power to minimize distractions and keep your focus on the conversation at hand. That means managing notifications and resisting the urge to multitask while you listen. 3. Use emojis It might sound silly, but emojis help mirror our emotions and provide valuable context for the tone someone means to convey. See how emojis can change the tone of communication: Without either emoji, you’d have less information to help you interpret the true meaning of what someone is saying. 4. Ask about feelings and reactions Checking for understanding is an important part of listening. “When you’ve actively focused on another person’s communication and asked questions to clarify as needed, rephrase what you think they’ve said and ask them if it’s true, whether it’s in person, on Skype, or via email,” writes Jennifer Roberts, marketing and integrations manager for Hubstaff. Add context by asking how what someone said makes them feel, so you can clarify meaning. Adrian Tuts, music and audio editor for Tuts+ suggests using phrases such as: How do you feel about that? Does that sound good to you? Is that going to work? Is that what you were expecting? 5. Read before you respond This sounds like a no-brainer, but sometimes when we’re in a hurry, we respond after we’ve glanced at something someone said only to realize that’s not what the person was asking, or there’s a whole section we forgot to address. Read. Then respond. Otherwise, you could get a reputation for not listening. No matter your work environment, listening is an important skill to master. It’s not just hearing (or reading) words; good listening means understanding and connecting with what the person intends to communicate and making sure they know you understand them. Work on honing your listening skills in order to fully connect with others, improve learning and have a keener awareness of how others think and feel. If you can do that, you’ll help create an environment where the people you work with feel valued and inspired to freely share with you. Discover collaborative task management. Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask The Art of Listening in Distributed Teams - Focus Someone once told me good communication happens when the message sent and the message received match up as closely as possible. Speaking clearly is a skill we focus on a lot. We work on giving great presentations, explaining concepts clearly and telling engaging stories. But listeners bear the burden of good communication, too. In this article, well share how to effectively communicate with colleagues online and afar, through effective communication and listening skills. When you’re on a distributed team or another team working predominantly online, the things that make a good listener don’t change. You do however have to apply listening skills in slightly different ways to make sure the messages you receive match the intentions of the sender. [ictt-tweet-inline via=meistertask]listeners bear the burden of good communication, too.[/ictt-tweet-inline] What Good Listening Does There’s been a lot of research conducted on how we listen in many fields, including psychology, communication, linguistics, anthropology and management. Researchers have identified a lot of different factors that affect how we listen, like memory, attention span, motivation, listening capacity and the context we’re in when we’re trying to listen. For example, it might be harder to listen to your teammates if you’ve lost motivation at work. And listening is going to take a lot more effort in a noisy lobby than in a quiet office. But if you can master listening skills, you stand to gain a lot. In fact, studies have found that listening produces three main results: understanding or knowledge gain relationship building a change in our feelings and attitudes So, if you’re a good listener, you’ll be more tuned into what’s going on, what others need and how others feel, which can help you make better business decisions and be more productive. Distributed task management made simple. Try MeisterTask with your team Its free! Try MeisterTask with your team Listening Online Communication There are a range of tools and methods we use to communicate with our teams, whether we’re working remotely or are co-located: video, voice calls, email and project management apps. These are just some of the tools distributed teams can use to communicate, and each come with their own set of opportunities and limitations. Text-only communications like email and chat apps, especially, can make listening more challenging. “Email does not convey emotions nearly as well as face-to-face or even telephone conversations,” writes Kaitlin Duck Sherwood, author of A Beginners Guide to Effective Emails. “It lacks vocal inflection, gestures, and a shared environment. Your correspondent may have difficulty telling if you are serious or kidding, happy or sad, frustrated or euphoric.” With text-only online communications, tone can easily be misconstrued. Sherwood says sarcasm can be particularly dangerous (especially if the sender and the recipient don’t know each other well). But there are also some ways text-only communication can improve listening. For example: When someone has an accent that’s unfamiliar to us or your first language is your coworker’s second language, it takes more cognitive effort to listen and comprehend. Text communication like chat or emails can help eliminate that cognitive load. Also, because they can be delayed, text communication can also give the listener extra time to digest ideas, process emotions and respond more thoughtfully. When working on distributed teams, many teams prioritize video chat because it allows for nonverbal communication like body language and facial expressions, which provide context. Remote work and listening can seem at odds sometimes because the amount of face-to-face contact is much more limited. But just because in-person conversations aren’t always an option doesn’t mean good listening can’t take place. For example, someone who doesn’t make eye contact while telling you bad news says something completely different than someone who looks you directly in the eye. Video chat is not always realistic or possible, though. Connections can be unreliable. People might be traveling or unavailable. Tools might not work correctly. “I think everybody here agrees that the most implausible science-fiction aspect of Star Wars is how smoothly all the Jedi video conferencing works across the galaxy,” notes Jacob Harris, developer for 18F, the digital services agency for the U.S. government. To make it work, have a range of tools and a plan for how and when to use them. Be aware of the limitations of each online communication method so you can adjust and make the extra effort to fully listen. Tips for Better Listening Here’s how you can be a better listener and foster a better environment for listening, whether you work remotely or with a co-located team. 1. Establish rules of responsiveness When there are clear expectations about communication, you can minimize feelings of people not feeling listened to or their messages being ignored. “When people are working remotely, its important that you define what your rules of responsiveness are for your culture,” writes Michelle LaBrosse, Project Management Professional and founder and CEO of Cheetah Learning. “How quickly are people expected to return an e-mail, an IM or a phone call? What is your protocol when people are out of the office or on vacation?” LaBrosse says that when people know what to expect, it “lowers the blood pressures on both sides of the customer/company relationship” which can promote better, more careful listening. 2. Schedule distraction-free conversations This rule applies no matter how you’re communicating. It’s harder to listen if you’re multitasking. It can be easier to fall into this trap of multitasking with online communication because the person on the phone or in your chat conversation can’t see that you’re on your laptop sending an email or checking your smartwatch. In their book, The Plateau Effect, authors Bob Sullivan and Hugh Thompson wrote: “Your brain is hungry for information, like a golden retriever puppy is hungry to chase a tennis ball. Important information, however, rarely comes as fast as your brain can take it, just as you can never toss the ball fast enough for your puppy. At the dog park, your baby Fido won’t be able to resist if someone else nearby throws a ball…off he bounds, chasing after whatever is moving. And your brain, thirsty for data, with a whole bunch of seemingly spare time on its hands, can’t resist the ping of a text message or the temptation of looking at YouTube videos of cats.” To be a better listener, do what’s in your power to minimize distractions and keep your focus on the conversation at hand. That means managing notifications and resisting the urge to multitask while you listen. 3. Use emojis It might sound silly, but emojis help mirror our emotions and provide valuable context for the tone someone means to convey. See how emojis can change the tone of communication: Without either emoji, you’d have less information to help you interpret the true meaning of what someone is saying. 4. Ask about feelings and reactions Checking for understanding is an important part of listening. “When you’ve actively focused on another person’s communication and asked questions to clarify as needed, rephrase what you think they’ve said and ask them if it’s true, whether it’s in person, on Skype, or via email,” writes Jennifer Roberts, marketing and integrations manager for Hubstaff. Add context by asking how what someone said makes them feel, so you can clarify meaning. Adrian Tuts, music and audio editor for Tuts+ suggests using phrases such as: How do you feel about that? Does that sound good to you? Is that going to work? Is that what you were expecting? 5. Read before you respond This sounds like a no-brainer, but sometimes when we’re in a hurry, we respond after we’ve glanced at something someone said only to realize that’s not what the person was asking, or there’s a whole section we forgot to address. Read. Then respond. Otherwise, you could get a reputation for not listening. No matter your work environment, listening is an important skill to master. It’s not just hearing (or reading) words; good listening means understanding and connecting with what the person intends to communicate and making sure they know you understand them. Work on honing your listening skills in order to fully connect with others, improve learning and have a keener awareness of how others think and feel. If you can do that, you’ll help create an environment where the people you work with feel valued and inspired to freely share with you. Discover collaborative task management. Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask

Street v Mountford - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1942 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? â€Å"The right to occupy land in return for payment is consistent with the grant of a lease or a contractual licence, however, the consequences of the two alternatives are very different†(1) The reason for this difference is because under the Land Registration Act 1925, only a lease is a legal interest in land and is capable of registration. This affords the lessee a substantial number of rights including the ability to assign the interest. In contrast, a licence is essentially merely a personal right and can be revoked by a licensor much more easily than determining a lease. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Street v Mountford" essay for you Create order Licensees are also not protected by the Rent Act 1977 and this means that lessees have a much more secure security of tenure. It is essential to establish the courts interpretation as to whether a lease or a licence has been granted as it can avoid potential costly disputes in the future. Law prior to Street v Mountford In the case of Lynes v Snaith [1989] 1 QB 486 that courts decided that the fact that the defendant had exclusive possession of the property concerned, was indicative of the presence of a lease and not merely a licence. The case of Facchini a Bryson [1952] 1 T.L.R. 1386 restated this position and held that, â€Å"provided the other essential characteristics of a lease were present, the grant of exclusive possession determined conclusively that the occupier was a tenant.† (2) This remained the legal position pertaining to leases until the mid-Nineteenth century, when the courts proceeded down a different route. There were a series of legislative changes in the mid 1970’s that resulted in the position of lessees being much strengthened in comparison to their licensee counterparts. As a result landlords, devised a method of bypassing the legislation by ensuring that they only granted licensees over their property. Landlords created a device called a â€Å"non-exclusive occupation agreement† to avoid providing there tenants with the increased protection of the new legislation. These agreements essentially were a statement by the tenant that they were not entitled to exclusive possession of the property concerned and they agreed to share the property with any persons whom the landlord decided to place there. Surprisingly, the courts upheld one of these agreements in the case of Somma v Hazlehurst and Savelli [1978] 1 WLR 1014. It was stated in the judgment of this case by Cumming-Bruce L. J. that, â€Å"We can see no reason why an ordinary landlord†¦should not be able to grant a licence to occupy an ordinary house. If that is what both he and the licensee intended and if they can frame any written agreement in such a way as to demonstrate that it is not really an agreement for a lease†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (3) Principles Established In the case of Street v Mountford (1985) A. C. 809, it was established that the deciding factor in determining whether a lease or a licence was created was the circumstances underlying the agreement and not either the content of the agreement itself or the intention of the parties concerned. Lord Templeman commented in his judgment that, â€Å"where the only circumstances are that residential accommodation is offered with exclusive possession for a term at a rent, the result is a tenancy†. (4) Three hallmarks of a lease were enunciated in this case and they were as previously mentioned: exclusive possession of the property, for a fixed or periodic time and at a rent. If these conditions were present, regardless of the content of the agreement between parties, the result was a tenancy. However, the presence of exclusive possession in the arrangement will be the deciding factor. This is the essential characteristic to determine whether a tenancy has been granted. The substance of the transaction as a whole must be examined to uncover if the occupier concerned has an actual right to exclusive possession. Assuming the occupier has exclusive possession, he will be presumed to be a tenant in the absence of any factors to the contrary. The most important thing to take from the Templeman judgment is that â€Å"†¦the test (used to establish whether a lease or a licence existed) was one of fact not form†(5) It should be borne in mind that this case did not completely sideline the parties’ intention when they entered into the transaction. â€Å"The intention of the parties is important in deciding whether or not they intended to enter into legal relations, or whether the transaction was a mere family arrangement or an act of frie ndship or generosity. This distinction as raised in Facchini v Bryson [1952] 1 TLR 1386 is still equally applicable to modern agreements, as it is one of the fundamental requirements of contract law and without it, no contract can exist. How law has developed subsequently There has been a large number of important cases in this area, that have clarified the legal position as regards to the distinction between leases and licences as expressed in Street v Mountford. The payment of rent has been held to not be an essential characteristic of a valid enforceable lease. Since common law and the definition of a lease in the Law of Property Act 1925, does not state that a lease has to be for a particular rent, it follows that this should not be held as an essential component, that could prevent an arrangement being defined as a tenancy. This approach was demonstrated by the case of Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold [1989] Ch 1. In this situation the courts decided that an agreement involving a business occupying a premises rent-free but paying outgoings was a lease and not a licence. Another matter to be considered in this case was that of uncertainty of duration. Fox LJ stated in his judgment that the arrangement, â€Å"could be brought to an end by both parties in circumstances which are free form uncertainty, in relation to the duration of a term that the parties do not know where they stand. Put another way, the court does not know what to enforce. That is not the position here.†(6) Another interesting case is Stribling v Wickham [1989] 211 HLR 381. In this situation there were several factors the court took into consideration when deciding that the arrangement was a licence and not a lease. The most influential factor, was that the three occupants were each individually responsible for the payment of their proportion of the rent. The other consideration the court reviewed was how the occupation of the residents was terminable. The fact that the landlord, or a ny one of the residents was able to end the occupation, by giving the other party twenty-eight days notice was viewed as significant to the outcome of the case. The case of Ogwr BC v Dykes [1989] 1 WLR 295 has demonstrated that in certain situations exclusive possession is not sufficient to create a tenancy. In this situation, the occupiers had in fact been granted exclusive possession of the property, however it was granted this by the local authority, pursuant to their statutory duties. It was held that the statutory duty under which the local authority was operating was sufficient to rebut the presumption that a tenancy had been created. The situation relating to a multiple occupancy agreement was looked at by the courts in AG Securities v Vaughan [1990] 1 AC 417. This case involved a landlord who had granted four people, four separate agreements to occupy a property, which he owned. The result would be, they collectively would have exclusive use of the property. The court decided that the four agreements were independent of one another and that the right of exclusive occupation was not conferred on any one person. Situations of this kind can generate complex legal issues and determining the issue of exclusive possession is more difficult in arrangements of this kind. â€Å"In the context of multiple or shared occupation, legal characterisation of the arrangement is not a simple choice between licence and tenancy: the occupiers may be licensees; they may be joint tenants of the whole property; or they may be parallel tenants, each occupier having a tenancy of a separate part of the property.†(7) The courts held in Westminster City Council v Clarke [1992] 2 AC 288 that in situations where a local authority is under an obligation to provide support for a particular individual, the treatment of the arrangement needs to be viewed in light of these obligations. In this case the court was not prepared to infer that a lease had been created in favo ur of the defendant, because of his homeless background and the fact that the local authority had provided him with exclusive possession of the property out of a statutory obligation. A similar situation existed in the case of Camden LBC v Shortlife Community Housing Ltd [1992] 90 LRG 358 and the result was also the same in this case. In Gray v Taylor [1998] 1 WLR 1093 the Court of Appeal held that in a situation involving a almshouse, despite the fact that exclusive possession had been granted, no tenancy had been created. It was held in Mikeover Limited v Brady [1989] 3 ALL ER 618, that â€Å"two identical agreements which conferred on the occupiers the joint right of exclusive occupation did not create a joint tenancy because the obligation of each licensee to pay part only of the rent was genuinely intended to be entirely independent of the obligation of the other licensee†(8) This case shows the courts reluctance in certain situations to infer a tenancy unless it is c learly apparent that one exists when all the circumstances of the agreement are analysed. The one factor that has been confirmed throughout the last twenty years, is the necessity of exclusive possession for a lease to come into existence. The case of Dellneed Ltd v Chin [1986] 53 172 is just one example of the courts upholding this defining principle. Conclusion The law surrounding the differentiation between leases and licences has been in a constant state of flux for the past hundred years, but there does now seem to be broad agreement as to precisely what will constitute a lease and what will not. The effect of the Rent Act 1977 and various amending legislation, on persons involved in residential arrangements for accommodation has been markedly reduced since the introduction of the Assured Tenancy and the Assured Shorthold Tenancy by the Housing Act 1988. This has had the effect of reducing the previously strong rights of tenants, especially involving security of tenure . There are however many tenancies that were created prior to the Housing Act 1988 and those will still be afforded the protection of the previous legislation. The effect of the current legal stance on the difference between the creation of leases and licences is still of great importance to businesses and it is an area that has been constantly litigated over since the Templeman judgment. Footnotes Land Law: Text and Materials (2nd Edition) – Nigel P. Gravells (Sweet and Maxwell, 1999) p361 Land Law: Text and Materials (2nd Edition) – Nigel P. Gravells (Sweet and Maxwell, 1999) p363 Somma v Hazlehurst and Savelli [1978] 1 WLR 1014 at 1024-25 Street v Mountford [1985] AC 809 at 426 Megarry and Wade – The Law of Real Property (7th Edition) – Charles Harpum, Stuart Bridge and Martin Dixon (Sweet and Maxwell, 2008) p737 Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold [1989] Ch 1 at 716 Land Law: Text and Materials (2nd Edition) – Nigel P. Gravells (Sweet and Maxwell, 1999) p385 Land Law: Text and Materials (2nd Edition) – Nigel P. Gravells (Sweet and Maxwell, 1999) p385 Bibliography Cheshire and Burn’s Modern Law of Real Property (17th Edition) – E. H. Burn and J. Cartright (Oxford University Press, 2006) Megarry and Wade – The Law of Real Property (7th Edition) – Charles Harpum, Stuart Bridge and Martin Dixon (Sweet and Maxwell, 2008) Land Law: Text and Materials (2nd Edition) – Nigel P. Gravells (Sweet and Maxwell, 1999) Landlord and Tenant (3rd Edition) – Mark Pawlowski and James Brown (Oxford University Press, 2005) www.lexisnexis.co.uk www.lawtel.co.uk

Essay on “Child Sex Tourism in Developing Countries”

Essay on â€Å"Child Sex Tourism in Developing Countries† Abstract While it might not seem that way in the United States, or in other developed nations, child prostitution is a significant issue around the world, and it still manages to exist under the radar of public health authorities. Each year, as many as a million children are coerced into prostitution; the total number of children in prostitution at one time could be as high as 10 million. Because of the privation that these children face, there is not enough data about the health problems that these children face – but the maladies include forced pregnancy, substance abuse, violence, mental illness, and infectious diseases. Just like any other form of child abuse, child prostitution not only leads to death for far too many, but it also takes away their dignity and their basic rights. The purpose of this research is to analyze existing literature on child prostitution, particularly with regard to health issues as well as best practices in the tourism industry, and emerge with recommend ations to help promote sustainable tourism in developing nations without resorting to the use of child prostitutes. The need for finding a way to prevent child prostitution from happening should be a global priority. There are several empirical models that have already been identified for tourism industries to follow in different nations, and this paper will call for the use of those models in practice, as tourism companies and government agencies have the ability to institute these professional practices and public policies, as long as they can eliminate some of the barriers that may yet be in place. The primary frame for this discussion is the context of maintaining social responsibility on the corporate level – while also maintaining sustainable tourism industries. Literature Review Child Prostitution The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child defined a child as anyone who is not yet 18 years old; child prostitution consists of forcing a child to carry out sexual acts for financial or other forms of compensation, or even offering the use of a child for sexual services. It differs from other forms of child sexual abuse because of the commercial aspect; however, because children cannot legally consent (or intellectually consent) to those activities, it is also quite similar to other forms of abuse. Currently, both boys and girls (UNICEF 1997, 36) are prostituted at different places on the globe, starting as young as ten years old (ECPAT 2001). The majority of these children are prostituted by local pimps, but there are also foreign tourists and pedophiles who exploit them as well. Many of these children will service five to ten customers each day. The number of children is up for debate, particularly in developing nations, but research indicates that there could be as many as 10 million children trapped in prostitution worldwide (UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2000). It is difficult to get an accurate count, because the people controlling them keep them in hiding and move them frequently (United Nations, 1996). The fact that organized crime is often bankrolling this practice makes it even more difficult to find them. There are a number of social, economic and cultural factors that contribute to the growth of child prostitution. Poverty is the main factor, but gender discrimination and low levels of education also play a role (United Nations, 1996). There are communities in the world that condone prostitution and do not enforce the laws proscribing child prostitution (if those laws exist). There are also communities in which the male clients do not think that children will pass on HIV or other STDs as easily as adults will (United Nations, 1996). Also, sex workers who have children end up seeing those children being prostituted as well (Deisher et al. 1989, 1163). Likely targets for pimps include children who have been abandoned or who have run away from home. Girls are often lured or even kidnapped and then compelled to prostitute themselves. International sex tourism has become a major cause for child prostitution in some countries (Focal Point against Sexual Exploitation of Children, 2001). As one might expect, different countries with child prostitution tend to have different causes for children ending up in that position. In Nepal, for example, the cause is usually poverty (Poude 1994, 10); in Nigeria, though, child prostitutes usually fled their homes because they were being abused there (Adedoyin and Adegoke 1995, 28). Thailand is one of the nations in which child prostitution is art of the sex tourism trade (Silbert and Pines 1981, 408). The common thread, though, is that child prostitution brings in money. Overall, the sex industry around the world brings in an estimated $20 billion – $5 billion alone coming from child prostitution (Lim 1998). Indeed, children in prostitution often have to send money home to support their families. Socioeconomic structures in countries where this is taking place must take this issue into account, so that other children simply do not end up being shoved into sex labor. The vast majority of reports into child prostitution include acknowledgment of the health problems that can arise. However, because of the difficulty of even finding child prostitutes, there is little in the way of reliable data on mortality and morbidity. Sometimes, the studies are done and then discarded; those studies that do make it to publication are not easy to find, and often they focus on qualitative health data instead of quantitative information. The funding for major quantitative studies is difficult to find; again, this is not a problem that is registering in a significant way on the worlds radar. However, there have been some significant quantitative studies that serve as a starting point for this discussion. One example was the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) study of 176 children who were in prostitution in six countries. Rates of HIV infection varied from 5 percent in Vietnam to 17 percent in Thailand (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2000). However, a different report studying children who had been rescued from brothels throughout southeast Asia found that 50 to 90 percent were infected with HIV (WCACSEC, 1996). Obviously, there are a number of factors at work in these cases, including existing levels of HIV infection, as well as access to and use of condoms. There are some communities in which the total population of sex workers has an HIV infection rate of as high as 86 percent – adult and children combined (UNAIDS, 2000). Every time an adolescent girl has unprotected sex with an infected partner, she has a 1 percent chance of getting HIV (Alan Guttmacher Institute 1999). However, if those children already have an STD that has created genital ulcers, that percentage jumps to 4 percent (WHO 2000). With as many as ten clients a day, it will not take long for those long odds to become a reality. Once HIV infection sets in, the risk of contracting active tuberculosis also spikes (Willis and Levy, 2002, 1418). With regard to other STDs, the numbers are even more grim. Within the ESCAP study, STD rates among prostituted children ranged from 36 percent in Cambodia to 78 percent in China (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2000). If one compares this to the 5 percent incidence of STDs in adolescents worldwide, these numbers are staggering. The numbers as far as pregnancy are also eye-opening. Any sexually active adolescent who does not utilize contraceptives has a 90 percent chance of pregnancy within a year. Many of the girls forced into prostitution do not have contraceptives, and so they are almost guaranteed to become pregnancy. Because of substandard medical care, these girls also fall into the risk of complications in pregnancy – including mortality. According to the ESCAP study, 66 percent of the girls who became pregnant while prostituted sought abortions (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2000). On a worldwide level, between 1 and 4.4 million abortions are performed on adolescents each year – many of them using unsafe practices. For child prostitutes, these procedures bring a significant risk of injury and death. Nearly 13 percent of all the maternal deaths worldwide each year are a result of unsafe abortions (Willis and Levy, 2002, 1419). Of course, there are many other harmful outcomes for child prostitutes. A study of 475 sex workers in five countries found that two-thirds of them fit the criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) (Farley et al. 1998, 407). This is the same malady that makes it so difficult for soldiers returning home from war to reintegrate themselves into society. Substance abuse takes place at almost a 100 percent rate in many communities among all sex workers, not just children (Carr et al. 1996, 491). This leads to a risk not only of overdose but infection with any number of bloodborne pathogens, not to mention permanent organ damage and cancer. Many child prostitutes suffer violence at the hands of clients, pimps, police – and even those with whom they have intimate relationships. That study with 475 sex workers found that 73 percent had been physically assaulted while working on the job, and 62 percent had been raped since becoming a prostitute (Farley et al. 19 98, 411). For children, these experiences can be deadly. Developing Sustainable Tourism In 1987, the Brundtland Commission presented the idea of sustainable development as â€Å"meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (WCED, 1987). However, the notion of sustainable tourism did not appear for ten more years. In 1997, Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry appeared, composed by the World Tourism Organization, the Earth Council, and the World Travel and Tourism Council. There were several reasons for the delay in developing these ideas specific to the tourism industry, such as the wide variety of tourist activities around the world (WTO, 2001). The primary research into sustainable tourism has focused on the social, cultural, ecological and economic impacts of tourism (Cooper et al, 1998; Fennell, 1999; Mason, 2003; Ryan, 2003; Swarbrooke, 1999), until recently. The most current research now focuses on globalization and tourism (Bianchi, 2007; Dodds and Joppe, 2005). Because of a wave of neo-liberal governments coming into power and driving economic philosophy, the questions of the responsibility for business to push sustainable development have come to the forefront, and so corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business ethics have also entered the realm of study (Tepelus 2008, 100). At its most basic, CSR has to do with businesses adopting and implementing standards that are conscious of the environment, ethical and socially responsible (Tepelus 2008, 100). The European Commission (2001) defined CSR as â€Å"a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis†(European Commission 2001, 8). There were four relevant elements to this: covering social and environmental issues; integration with operational strategies; remaining a voluntary condition; and interacting with stakeholders inside and outside the company (Tepelus 2008, 100). Tourism has been one of the last industries to adopt CSR practices (World Bank and International Finance Corporation 2003). Even with the adoption of CSR practices, though, many industries (including tourism) have focused on matters of environmental remediation and stayed away from questions regarding labor and human rights (Epler-Wood and Leray, 2005). Fennell (2006) has argued that there is an â€Å"immense void in ethics† (xiii) that has kept tourism from following other industries into the areas covered by CSR, and has also argued that ethics in tourism could well â€Å"emerge as the next main research platform†(358) in this particular field. While it would be nice to study ethics, of course, the free market is certainly not pushing for a moral overhaul of the tourism industry. Both the industry and the consumer are motivated by price: as Brackenbury (2003) noted, â€Å"price competition and its consequences of productivity improvement, and not product innovation, has occupied the minds of senior managers in this sector over the past ten years† (8). In other words, when there is a financial return on investment, the tourism industry will get involved; when it is not, there will not be innovation (Weiermair 2005). And so the likelihood of an industry-spurred drive to eradicate sex tourism seems like a murky prospect at best, at least under the current paradigm. However, the lack of ethical concern in the industry has made sex trafficking and child sex tourism a widespread practice (Payne and Dimanche, 1996). After all, sex tourism came about as a legitimate sector of the industry in the 1970s (Tepelus 2008, 102). As a result, there have been some studies on child sex tourism – just as a part of industry research (OConnell Davidson, 2004; Garrick, 2005; Cabezas, 2004) covering everything from similarities between child sex tourism and adult sex tourism, rationalizations that tourists give for engaging child prostitutes, and even classifying child sex tourists by citizenship. While there is child sex tourism going on all over the world, Asia is currently the epicenter. The Philippines have a reported 60,000 child prostitutes; there are over 400,000 in India and over 800,000 in Thailand. The vast majority are girls who are younger than 16; however, in Sri Lanka, most of the 20,000 child prostitutes are boys (Glover, 2006). However, as has been already noted, the tourists are not the only ones to blame, as there is a specific set of cultural conditions that have to be in place for child prostitution to be condoned. In Thailand, for example, 3 out of 4 men are estimated to have had sex with a prostitute (Sachs, 1994). Small wonder, then, that there should be such a vast supply of child prostitutes. The problem is global – and it is deeply entrenched in certain corners of the planet. Research Proposal There are already innovations that have been suggested by public and private entities to find ways to eradicate the child sex tourism industry, while maintaining sustainable tourism even in countries that base a good deal of their tourism income on foreigners entering the country on a sexual vacation. My research objectives are as follows: Identify existing ideas for innovation that could lead to the reduction and removal of child sex tourism from common practice in developing nations Identify barriers to the implementation of those innovation Compare and contrast the various ideas for innovation and appraise the ones that are most likely to be effective, based on the cultural contexts involved Develop a series of recommendations for public and private entities based on the research My research will be primarily qualitative in nature. The quantitative documentation about the problems that lead to child sex trafficking and tourism in developing countries is fairly exhaustive, based on both private studies and research carried out by governmental and intergovernmental agencies. Learning more about the specifics of sexually transmitted diseases and the average of child prostitutes will not contribute significantly to the existing body of knowledge on the topic; for this reason, my focus will be primarily on ways to implement and improve existing suggestions for innovation within the tourist industry and within public policy. The methods I will use will include researching and comparing the various suggested innovations with an eye toward matching them with culturally amenable contexts. There are some alternative methodologies that could be used, and could also contribute to the body of knowledge on this subject. For example, these three methodologies would also be quite useful: Conducting a quantitative attitudinal study of adult males in the countries in which child sex tourism and child prostitution are the most widespread Performing a longitudinal study on the economic indicators of countries that depend heavily on child sex tourism for industry income Conducting a quantitative attitudinal study of sex tourists who visit one (or several) of the countries in which child sex tourism is most widespread. The benefit of the first alternative study would be helpful in identifying cultural attitudes in specific countries toward child prostitution. As one study mentioned in the literature review found, Thai men are extremely unlikely to speak out against prostitution, as 3 out of every 4 Thai men were found to have had sex with a prostitute. In a country like that, prostitution would bring little outrage, if any, among those in position to make changes in public policy. Child prostitution would be less likely to inspire a similar outrage in a country in which prostitution is so common, because sexual partners would be more likely to be viewed as things to use or consume, rather than people. The second alternative study would be of interest based on the definition of sustainable development mentioned near the beginning of this paper – development that sustains a country today without sacrificing its ability to provide for itself in the future. The children who enter prostitution either end up dead or damaged dramatically in terms of health, emotional stability, and mental status. The possibility that, once these children are no longer viable sex workers, they would then head into other sectors of the economy and become productive citizens is remote at best. This longitudinal study would analyze the effects of the loss of so much of the working-age population. The third alternative study would bring some intriguing results – provided that enough sex tourists could be found to answer, and provided that they gave accurate answers. After all, if someone is going to travel to another country for a sexual vacation, it is likely that the topic is not one that he (or she) would be squeamish about discussing on an anonymous basis with a researcher. Finding out the motivations that lead one to travel abroad for sexual activity would be of some interest, but a greater area of contribution to this study would be to learn the attitudes of sex tourists (who are more likely to feel a sense of liberation than the general population in sexual matters) about child sex tourism. At what age should sex be legal? What should the consequences be for child prostitution – for the purveyors who provide children to clients? Those answers would be of interest, more from a sociology perspective. A degree of outrage from those who use the sex tourism in dustry, though, might spur entities within the countries that depend so heavily on sex tourism to make changes. Obviously, in a highly qualitative study like the one I propose, there is little in the way of analysis – at least in the statistical kind. Instead, the discussion will focus on finding existing methods of innovation and identifying barriers – and recommending ways to overcome those barriers. While this might seem to be covering some existing ground instead of being innovative, it is clear that the barriers have not yet been overcome as a result of the research that is already out there. Because of the epidemic that child sex tourism continues to comprise, it is necessary for research to take place that will persuade those who are in positions of authority, both in the industry and within halls of government, to find a different way to bring in tourists and their cash. Researching Innovations to Eliminate Child Sex Tourism As has already been mentioned in this study, there is not much existing knowledge about child sex tourism and trafficking, and there has been minimal research done on the connections between sustainability and CSR and this touchy subject. Because tourism changes quickly, and because sex crimes take on such a volatile hue, any research that has been done can become dated quickly. However, there have been some innovations taken on by public and private entities to prevent and even end sex tourism for children and trafficking. Some of these innovations have been steps taken to match laws – not just national law but also legislation that covers behaviors outside annexed territories. The first step seems to have been finding ways to build awareness within the tourism industry about the ways it could keep children from being sexually exploited; subsequent steps have been to give tourism businesses the wherewithal to exercise that ability, to find alternative socioeconomic opportuni ties for the children who are at most risk for coercion into prostitution, to build awareness among the public at large, and to generate incentives to turn in child sex tourists and traffickers. Innovation Models from Nongovernmental Organizations ChildWise is an organization that is focuses on eradicating child sex tourism in international destinations where Australians travel. ChildWise is the Australian wing of ECPAT International, which is a consortium dedicated to the elimination of the commercial sexual exploitation of children. Founded in Thailand in 1962, ECPAT now has offices in 63 countries and was one of the initial groups that fought back against child prostitution in tourisn in Asia (ECPAT International, 2007). ChildWise began with the assumption that child sex tourism, at least involving Australians, is not part of the mainstream tourism industry (Hecht, 2001). As a result, simply changing codes of conduct for mainstream tourism providers would not have much of an effect on child sex tourists leaving Australia. The agency designed â€Å"ChildWise Tourism† in 1999, to serve as a training program through the entire ASEAN region. This program includes educational materials for tourism students, teachers, and practitioners in the industry. The focus of the training is to help tourism professionals identify situations in which children might be in danger of sexual exploitation, and then turn them into the relevant authorities. All seven of the ASEAN countries allow ChildWise to come in and hold training sessions in the community: Myanmar, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Cambodia, the Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand (ChildWise 2007). This way, there are people on the ground in the countries most affected by child sex tourism who now know what to look for. ChildWise also started â€Å"Travel With Care† in 2003, which conducts training seminars on the particulars of the Australia Child Sex Tourism law. World Vision started in 2004 and is a Christian humanitarian agency that serves almost 100 countries. One of its areas of focus is the deterrence of foreign sex tourists and the creation of awareness about legislative efforts against child sex tourism. The slogan â€Å"Abuse a child in this country, go to jail in yours† was used widely in Costa Rica, Brazil, Mexico, Thailand and Cambodia – and was primarily aimed at American tourists. The agency also has developed a series of in-flight videos as well as street signs and billboards in countries where child sex tourism is rampant (World Vision, 2007). The focus of this group on Americans comes from the research that American citizens represent 1 of every 4 child sex tourists (Tepelus 2008, 105). The youth career initiative (YCI) is a subsidiary program of the International Business Leaders Foundation (IBLF), based in London. The main purpose of this initiative is to boost the employability of young people in the hotel industry, and so to reduce the number of young people who are forced to turn to prostitution in order to survive. Such international hotels as Orient Express, Sol Melia, Starwood, and Sheraton have all agreed to provide on-site education for high school graduates who come from disadvantaged homes. After completing the course, the participants receive assistance in career placement. Since this program began in 1995, more than 1,300 youth have completed the program; now it runs in eight countries: Poland, Brazil, Thailand, the Philippines, Ethiopia, Australia, Indonesia and Romania (IBLF, 2007). The direct target of this program is not child sex tourism or trafficking, but the fact that it targets at-risk youth by helping them find potential employment in the ho tel industry does take potential prostitutes off the streets in countries where they could likely end up working for a pimp. Innovation Models from Government Organizations One of the governments that took the lead in fighting child sex tourism has been that of Brazil. In 1997, the country started a â€Å"no child sex tourism† campaign, and its logo for the campaign fighting the exploitation of children was adopted by the UNWTO for the worldwide campaign (Tepelus 2008, 106). In 2002, the government created the Ministry of Tourism, and within the National Tourism Chamber, a â€Å"Sustainable Tourism and Childhood Thematic Chamber† was established. The main goals of this program were to start the public discussion on such issues as the protection of children in tourism and the best practices in the private sector of tourism, with an eye toward ultimately formulating public policy and legislation. From 2004 through 2007, the Ministry of Tourism held a World Tourism Forum for Peace and Sustainable Development as part of its â€Å"Sustainable Tourism and Childhood† campaign. This led to the first declaration against child sex tourism on October 26, 2005, in Rio de Janeiro, and a combined South American campaign against child sex tourism, to begin 2007 in 12 countries. Also, the Brazilian government reached out to such entities as Save the Children Sweden and World Childhood Foundation Brazil to research other ways to help bring child sex tourism to an end (Gorenstein 2007). Innovation Models from Intergovernmental Organizations From the very earliest efforts to fight child sex tourism, the UNWTO (UN World Tourism Organization) has provided input to interested organizations, including the first two Congresses against Commercial Exploitation of Children. In 1997, the UNWTO set up a Task Force to Protect Children from Sexual Exploitation in Tourism, designed to find and eliminate child sex tourism (UNWTO 2007a). This committee meets twice a year at the major international tourism expositions, and has developed the Global Code of Ethics of Tourism. The part that is relevant to child sex tourism reads: The exploitation of human beings in any form, particularly sexual, especially when applied to children, confl icts with the fundamental aims of tourism and is the negation of tourism; as such, in accordance with international law, it should be energetically combated with the cooperation of all the States concerned and penalized without concession by the national legislation of both the countries visited and the countries of the perpetrators of these acts, even when they are carried out abroad ( UNWTO, 2007b , Art. 2, point 3). In addition to the GCTE, though, the UNWTO has put together a set of guidelines that would inform the creation of a voluntary mechanism for implementing changes in tourism policies on the national level, and has created a World Committee on Tourism Ethics (WCTE) to intervene whenever there might be a dispute. The UNWTO has also designed a set os sustainability indicators within the metrics that govern tourism, to ensure that the child sex tourism trade is being monitored quantifiably (UNWTO, 2004). The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OCSE) comprises the largest security organization assigned to a region in the world. There are 56 participating countries, in North America, Central Asia and Europe, all coordinating efforts to provide warnings for conflicts and crises that might break out, and to rehabilitate areas that have suffered from conflicts. In 2003, the OSCE Economic and Environmental Activities (OSCE-OCEEA) office was given the charge to find ways to bolster efforts in the private sector to fight human trafficking by building awareness of the problem and distributing best practices, specifically including guidelines for designing policies, instituting self-regulation, and writing codes of conduct. Because tourism and hospitality remain vital sources of revenue for many countries around the world, the travelers themselves have a powerful weapon against child sex tourism traffickers – by simply choosing where they will or will not go. However, the tourism providers themselves can work together to build an environment that refuses to condone human trafficking – particularly the sexual exploitation of children. The OSCE promotes the building of a code of conduct to raise awareness and has suggested the extension of that code to cover companies that do business in southeastern Europe, which is also an area that can be susceptible to human trafficking. The OSCE has gained industry and government commitments to fight child sex tourism and human trafficking (Telepus 2008, 107). The United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) is the agency within the United Nations that fights for childrens rights around the globe – which includes the responsibility for such issues as child sex tourism and child trafficking. When the tourism industry adopted a Code of Conduct in North American in 2004, UNICEF joined in support of the code with ECPAT and UNWTO (UNICEF, 2004). This agency has enacted awareness campaigns about the issue of child sex tourism in such countries as Gambia, Kenya, Spain, Sri Lanka and the Dominican Republic, and has lobbied governments for laws against child sex tourism in countries throughout the Caribbean and Central America (Telepus 2008, 107). Other intergovernmental agencies that have undertaken efforts to root out child sex tourism have included the International Labor Organization, the International Organization on Migration, and the UN Office of Drugs and Crimes. The ILO put together the International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor to fight child labor in countries that lack national legislation protecting their youngest, and all three organizations have enacted training programs designed to prevent and fight human trafficking. None of these agencies have done work specific to tourism, but their efforts on the other end of the supply chain all affect the funneling of children to tourists. Perhaps the most important measure that has emerged from the fight against child sex tourism came from industry itself: the Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism. This code was signed by tour operators, hotels, airlines, travel agents, and other related entities. All of the signatories committed to six measures: Developing company policies against child sex tourism Training staff on ways to identify and prevent child sex tourism Informing travelers about child sex tourism in particular destinations Adding language to contract boilerplate with suppliers in which both parties repudiate the practice of child sex tourism Working with government and private entities in destinations to prevent child sex tourism Giving an annual report on the internal implementation of these commitments (Tepelus 2008, 106). This code came about in 1998, through the efforts of ECPAT Sweden and the UNWTO, and it was finally launched in North America in 2004. Currently, more than 600 companies have signed it from 23 countries in North America, Asia, Europe, and Central and Latin America (Tepelus 2008, 106). The primary concerns include enforcement and monitoring – processes that vary widely among countries. Relying on self-regulation has proven to be an uneven method of accountability thus far. Recommendations In The Scarlet Letter, the first observation that Nathaniel Hawthorne makes is that the first two things a new town needs are a cemetery and a prison, as the two certainties are death and wrongdoing. The personal tastes that lead tourists to go to other countries and seek out sex with children are distasteful to the vast majority of people – which is why they are illegal just about everywhere in the world. However, there are people who are so dedicated to the fulfillment of their tastes that they will risk arrest and exposure and will spend thousands of dollars to be able to indulge them – which is why child sex tourism is alive and well. Without demand, there would be no reason for anyone to provide supply. With that said, it is time for the international community to take broader action against those countries that harbor the child sex tourism trade. The creation of a code within the tourism industry and a set of best practices from international organizations is certainly a start, and it would be impossible to argue that these steps have not made a difference. Armed with information and outrage, there are many organizations dedicated to rooting out this practice. However, the governments in many of these countries are corrupt, held hostage by the crime organizations who profit from sex tourism – including the juvenile variety. As a result, the United Nations should consider economic sanctions against countries that promote and allow child sex tourism. The simple fact that governments make these actions illegal is not enough: those countries where child sex tourism is known to happen – including the United States – need to take steps to enforce their laws and end the practice. If researchers know where to find child prostitutes, then it should not be difficult for law enforcement personnel to find them as well. If countries do not take the requisite steps, then the international community should enforce sanctions. Clearly, a network of voluntary self-regulation, even aided by a group of developed nations that have already driven out the practices, is not enough. Moving in on each country that refuses to act on this question is the next logical step. There are those who might think that there are bigger priorities on the international stage, but you would be hard pressed to find even one child prostitute who would agree.

Response to Peter Singer’s Speech Free Essays

Peter Singer’s speech on a solution to world poverty made a lot of good points concerning how to help those in need. He states that most people can afford to help starving children and that people are turning their backs on the needy. Where he fails though, is in actually providing a solution that will hold up over time. We will write a custom essay sample on Response to Peter Singer’s Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now His focus on guilting those more fortunate into action and then guiding them to give $200 is no solution, but a call to give to those less fortunate instead of fixing the problem for good. In his speech he gives examples to try to guilt those listening into giving charitably. He sites a book by NYU philosopher Peter Unger, titled, â€Å"Living High and Letting Die†. He goes on to paraphrase an example from the book that he thinks gives a great example towards American’s lack of charitable giving. His example is about a man named Bob who is nearly retired and has invested most of his savings into a rare and valuable old car. He has a lot of pride in the car and he enjoys taking care of it. He also enjoys that its rising value means he will always be able to sell it and live comfortably. He is out one day for a drive one day and park the car along some railroad tracks and goes for a walk along the tracks. As he is walking he sees that a runaway train with no one aboard is headed for a small child farther down the track. The child is too far to warn of the danger and will be killed unless Bob throws a switch to put the train on the siding where his beloved car is parked. Throwing the switch will destroy his car and therefore his long time investment. Thinking of his joy in owning the car and the financial security it represents, Bob decides not to throw the switch and the child is killed. He uses this example comparatively to how the average American reacts to charitable giving. He labels them as cruel people who choose their own livelihood over the lives of dying children, which is unfair. Commonly, those not giving are not looking into the eyes of a dying child but rather into a scary world where finances are always unsettling. In my personal experience guilting someone into doing something is the worst way to evoke passion for action. Forcing someone to do something is not nearly as effective as creating a want to do something. Over time guilt tripping makes the action lose steam while making someone want to do something can create a passion that lasts for a long time. Let me follow Singers lead here and provide an example. Suppose that you would like to have your friend go to a new sushi restaurant with you. Would it be smarter to guilt him into going by using something against him to make him go, or would it be smarter to talk about how good the atmosphere and food is? Obviously it is much smarter to talk up the restaurant instead of sending your friend on a guilt trip. The guilt trip may only make your friend go once but making the friend want to go will result in many visits to the restaurant. Creating a passion is the best way to call people to action and singer failed to do this. Instead, he should have used a more indirect method like talking about the benefits and contentedness that one can receive from charitable donation and selling them on the concept Another spot where his speech falls short is in providing a plausible solution to world poverty. Having everyone with disposable income give $200 to help feed hungry children solves none of the problems having to do with poor villages not being able to support their people. In the article, â€Å"We can end global poverty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the author describes a plan laid out by David Cameron that includes over 10 steps to end global poverty by 2030. Including such ideas as going green, going for growth, good government, and global partnership. The final report comes after 8 months of consultation with more than 5,000 public groups across 120 different countries. Citizens, governments, businesses, local charities, community groups and development experts all had a chance to contribute their ideas. This type of initiative is what it takes to create a true end to world poverty, not just simply pleading that people give $200 to charity. I feel as if Singer never really thought to develop his idea thoroughly and just wanted something quick that he could easily get people to support. This is where his ethos breaks down. He no longer seems to be a person worth speaking to about the subject, but rather someone who wants a problem solved but doesn’t want to put in effort to come up with a real solution. After analyzing his speech thoroughly I feel that Singer has a lot of passion for what he speaks about but fails to come up with real plausible solutions to the problems he is addressing. Singer may believe he has World Poverty all figured out but there are a few points he’s not thinking about. He used emotional stories about dying children to guilt his listeners into giving money. Though, Peter Singer makes a valid point that we should be helping children in need, what happens when everyone stops blowing their money on luxury items? In his speech he says, â€Å"The formula is simple: whatever money you’re spending on luxuries, not necessities, should be given away. † If we were to spend only money on necessities and donate the rest it would, in turn, cause economic distress. Jobs will begin to slowly deplete from our own economy here in America. Manufacturing jobs such as, furniture, computers, televisions, housing, retail, and many more would disappear. The sad fact of the matter is that poverty is a necessity and just like with all things you have to take the good with the bad. How to cite Response to Peter Singer’s Speech, Papers

Views on the British Empire Essay Example For Students

Views on the British Empire Essay There are several attitudes towards the empire expressed in the music and visual material provided. The key attitude of the British toward the Empire is patriotism, which naturally is followed by pride, then in turn developed in self-righteousness and ego.The strong sense of patriotism grew when the British power provided peace and wealth. Days of plenty and years of peace; March of a strong lands swift increase; as Henry H. Bennett wrote in The Flag Goes By. Citizens were brought up in an environment that taught them to love Britain. The Empire-day Catechism of League of the Empire, informed the duties of a British citizen: To be the loyal friend of all fellow subjects of the King-EmperorK To prepare himself by every means in his power to advance the welfare of his fellow citizens, whether in peach or war These words were like blue prints for a patriotic British heart. Evidently, the patriotism fostered hasnt perished yet; there is still an annual concert in London performing patriotic music. The words of Pomp and Circumstance March in D Major, by Edward Elgar echoed in the great hall Land of Hope and Glory, Mother of Free, the audience sang with loyalty, How shall we extol thee, who are born of Thee!Although patriotism was the incipient reaction of the citizens, there is no doubt that this feeling produced ego. Arrogance was inevitable; The Empires size alone had the charisma to attract pride! The Catechism said The extent of the Empire was twelve million square miles; it took up one fifth of the earths surface. Therere a total of 400 million subjects of King Edward, which is also about one fifth of the world All the contemporary pieces reflected grand pomposity of the empire. They were loud and thick in texture with roaring melody lines. Brass and percussion instruments were popularly used to represent the glory of the empire. Poetry-wise, The Flag Goes By cleverly expressed the peoples pride by referring to the Union Jack: Sign of a nation, great and strongKPride, and glory, and hour all live in the colors to stand or fall! Self-righteousness and racism was the infamous result of patriotism and pride. In the cartoon Justice, about the Indian Mutiny, self-righteousness was eminent when the British thought it right to punish the Indians for fighting against their oppressor, the British! Also, in Jerusalem, a song by Milton, Britain was proudly compared to Jerusalem as being the chosen land of God. Simultaneously, while promoting Britain itself, the superiority of the other races was lowered; The British Lion Aroused cartoon rudely mocked Africans by drawing one wearing various British items inappropriately to show their idiocy, while Stamping It Out expressed it a necessity to wipe out the scorpion-like-Afghans to protect the weak, women-like Pakistan. Indeed, as the power of the British Empire extended and flourished so did the peoples hearts. There was a great rise of patriotism and overflowing arrogance, which in the end brought about self-righteousness and racism. Bibliography: